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http://www.arrl.org/arrlletter/?issue=2016-04-07
The ARRL Letter
April 7, 2016
Editor: Rick Lindquist, WW1ME
* A New "ARRL The Doctor is In" Audio Podcast Episode is Now Available
* World Amateur Radio Day 2016 Will Celebrate Amateur Radio's Contribution
to Society
* ARRL MF Experiment Coordinator Sees Ongoing Research Role After Hams
Gain 472-479 kHz
* National Parks on the Air Update
* Author, TV Reporter are the 2015 ARRL Bill Leonard, W2SKE, Award
Recipients
* MicroHAMS Digital Conference Showcases Innovative Applications, Hardware
* "Cows Over the World DXpedition" Set to Get Under Way
* Hurricane Watch Net Seeks Net Control Operators
* Ohio SEC Expanding "NVIS Antenna Day" Activity this Year
* In Brief...
* The K7RA Solar Update
* This Week in Radiosport
* Upcoming ARRL Section, State, and Division Conventions and Events
A New "ARRL The Doctor is In" Audio Podcast Episode is Now Available
"HF Vertical Antennas" will be the topic of the inaugural "ARRL The Doctor is
In" audio podcast, available on April 7 and sponsored by DX Engineering. "ARRL
The Doctor is In" is a lively discussion of all things technical. Listen on
your computer, tablet, or smartphone -- whenever and wherever you like!
Every 2 weeks your host, QST Editor in Chief Steve Ford, WB8IMY, and the Doctor
himself, Joel Hallas, W1ZR, will discuss a broad range of technical topics. You
can e-mail your questions to doctor@arrl.org, and they may be answered in a
future podcast.
Enjoy "ARRL The Doctor is In" on Apple iTunes, or by using your iPhone or iPad
podcast app (just search for "ARRL The Doctor is In"). You can also listen
online through Stitcher and through the free Stitcher app for iOS, Kindle, or
Android devices. Subscribe to the podcast free of charge through either service
and never miss an episode.
Podcast episodes will be archived on the ARRL website.
World Amateur Radio Day 2016 Will Celebrate Amateur Radio's Contribution to
Society
World Amateur Radio Day (WARD), observed every April 18, marks the founding of
the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) in 1925. As they do every year,
radio amateurs worldwide will take to the airwaves to celebrate Amateur Radio's
contribution to society.
"April 18 is the day for all of Amateur Radio to celebrate and tell the world
about the science we can help teach, the community service we can provide, and
the fun we have," the IARU said in announcing World Amateur Radio Day 2016. "We
hope you will join in the fun and education that is World Amateur Radio Day!"
Amateur Radio experimenters were the first to discover that -- far from being a
wasteland -- the shortwave spectrum could support worldwide propagation. In the
rush to use these shorter wavelengths, Amateur Radio was "in grave danger of
being pushed aside," the IARU's history has noted. Amateur Radio pioneers --
ARRL co-founder Hiram Percy Maxim, 1AW, among them -- met in Paris in 1925 and
created the IARU to support Amateur Radio worldwide.
As Maxim and his counterparts envisioned, the IARU is an international
confederation of national Amateur Radio organizations that allows a forum for
common matters of concern and collectively represents matters to the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Just 2 years later, at the International Radiotelegraph Conference, Amateur
Radio gained several allocations still recognized today -- 160, 80, 40, 20, and
10 meters. Since its founding, the IARU has worked to defend and expand the
frequency allocations for Amateur Radio.
[IARU_all3regions.JPG] From the 25 countries that formed the IARU in 1925, the
IARU has grown to include 160 member-societies in three regions. IARU Region 1
includes Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Northern Asia. Region 2 covers
the Americas, and Region 3 is comprised of Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific
island nations, and most of Asia. The ITU has recognized the IARU as
representing the interests of Amateur Radio.
Today, Amateur Radio is more popular than ever, with over 3,000,000 licensed
operators!
The IARU has provided a World Amateur Radio Day poster. Any club may download
it to promote WARD. The poster comes in two sizes (61cm x 91cm) (small (A4)
flyer).
Groups should promote their WARD activity on social media by using the hash tag
#WARD2016 on Twitter and on Facebook. The IARU will list all WARD activities
(scroll below the announcement). To have your WARD activity listed, e-mail ARRL
Media and Public Relations Manager Sean Kutzko, KX9X. Read more.
ARRL MF Experiment Coordinator Sees Ongoing Research Role After Hams Gain
472-479 kHz
The coordinator of the 600 Meter Experimental Group, Fritz Raab, W1FR, said
this week that he sees an ongoing role for medium frequency (MF)
experimentation, even after Amateur Radio gains access to the new 630 meter
band (472-479 kHz). An FCC Report and Order authorizing Amateur Radio access to
2200 meters (135.7-137.8 kHz) and 630 meters is expected to be released soon.
In his 1st quarter report for 2016 on the WD2XSH Experimental license work,
Raab said that once the new ham band is in place, he expects ARRL experiment
participants to pursue work in that part of the spectrum under their Amateur
Radio licenses. But he said that more MF research remains, and he would
recommend continuing work under the WD2XSH Experimental a while longer,
shifting focus to 461 to 472 kHz.
"This will clear the amateur frequencies, while allowing the experimenters to
run unattended propagation beacons without using the limited bandwidth that
will be available to amateurs." The WD2XSH Part 5 Experimental license does not
expire until 2020. A substantial community of Amateur Radio operators already
conduct experiments using their own FCC Part 5 licenses in the low frequency
(LF) and MF spectrum, in addition to the WD2XSH experiment.
Raab this week suggested several possibilities for expanded experimental work
in the vicinity of 630 meters without cluttering the limited 7 kHz of spectrum
in the soon-to-be-authorized amateur band. Among other things, he envisions
work using wider-bandwidth modulation protocols, the use of higher power than
the 1 W EIRP expected to be authorized for the new ham band, and commemorative
transmissions.
"Eventually, this operation might show that the amateur allocation could be
expanded or allowed to use more power," Raab said.
____________________________________________________________________________
National Parks on the Air Update
Thanks to the ARRL IT Department, there are now daily updates to the
National Parks on the Air (NPOTA) activity statistics. The new statistics
are listed on the NPOTA Leader board page. There, you can find info on the
number of parks activated, total number of NPOTA activations, and number of
QSOs per NPOTA unit. As of April 6, more than
240,000 NPOTA contacts had been confirmed in Logbook of the World, from nearly
3400 activations since January 1. The California National Historic Trail has
hosted 4115 QSOs, more than any other NPOTA unit.
There are 47 Activations on the NPOTA calendar for April 7-13, including Cesar
Chavez National Monument in California, and Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore
in Michigan. Details about these and other upcoming activations can be found on
the NPOTA Activations calendar.
Keep up with the latest NPOTA news on Facebook. Follow NPOTA on Twitter
(@ARRL_NPOTA).
Author, TV Reporter are the 2015 ARRL Bill Leonard, W2SKE, Award Recipients
Author Don Keith, N4KC, and TV reporter and anchor Jackie Lukas are the
recipients of the 2015 ARRL Bill Leonard, W2SKE, Award. Keith was recognized
for an article on Amateur Radio, "Wave of Popularity," that he contributed to
American Legion magazine. Lukas, a reporter and anchor for News 12 Long Island
in New York, was honored for reporting the Great South Bay Amateur Radio Club's
activation of a lighthouse "in an uplifting and positive manner." The ARRL
Board of Directors named Keith and Lukas in January to receive the award.
The ARRL Bill Leonard Award honors up to three professional journalists each
year for outstanding coverage highlighting the enjoyment, importance, and
public service value the Amateur Radio Service has to offer. The award is a
tribute to the late CBS News President Bill Leonard, W2SKE, an avid Amateur
Radio operator and advocate. Each recipient will receive an engraved plaque,
and a $250 contribution will be made in each recipient's name to the charity of
their choice.
"I look forward to receiving the plaque and am very humbled by the award,"
Keith reacted. He expects to attend a formal presentation at the Huntsville
Hamfest in August. Keith said the American Legion's national Amateur Radio club
(K9TAL) is working to reach members who might be interested in Amateur Radio
and "especially its public service aspects." Keith has designated the Amateur
Radio Advancement Group, which is affiliated with the Birmingham Amateur Radio
Club, to be the beneficiary of his award. Keith is the author or co-author of
more than 30 books.
Lukas responded, "Thank you so much! It's such an honor. I'm glad you enjoyed
my story just as much as I enjoyed covering it!" Lukas received the Leonard
Award plaque at the March meeting of the Great South Bay Amateur Radio Club.
ARRL Media and Public Relations Manager Sean Kutzko, KX9X, praised the efforts
of media professionals who report on Amateur Radio activities. "We owe a lot to
the journalists who highlight Amateur Radio's capabilities to our communities
and our country," he said. "When Amateur Radio provides communication for a
natural disaster or school contact with astronauts on the International Space
Station, and the media covers that service, more and more people become aware
just how much of a resource we are. The ARRL Leonard Award is our way of
saying, 'Thank you for telling our story.'"
MicroHAMS Digital Conference Showcases Innovative Applications, Hardware
Each March in the heart of the Pacific Northwest's software capital, the
MicroHAMS club hosts the annual MicroHAMS Digital Conference (MHDC). Having
expanded beyond being Microsoft's radio club, MicroHAMS now boasts members from
all around the Puget Sound area, including a lot of digital innovators. This
year's conference was booked solid.
"I always come away from this conference energized and full of ideas about ways
to put digital technology to work for ham radio," said ARRL Contributing Editor
Ward Silver, N0AX, who was a presenter at MHDC 2016. "This year was no
different as the presenters focused on SDR and related technologies, including
networking and fully digital radios."
A challenging application of digital ham radio is to provide seamless race-day
coverage of the RAMROD (Ride Around Mount Rainier in One Day) bicycle race.
Curt Black, WR5J, described the perils of attempting data links around a
14,000-foot mountain surrounded by dense fir and hemlock forests, over a
150-mile race course with 10,000 feet of elevation changes. It's not easy, but
they do it and have bigger plans for 2016. The technology involves everything
from 80 meter NVIS to 900 MHz RFID and D-RATS over the D-STAR system.
John Petrich, W7FU, is taking SDR into the UHF-microwave transceiver world with
a design using the Ettus Research USRP B200 SDR and the GNU Radio Companion
software platforms. The radio covers from 70 MHz to 6 GHz without converters
and is an excellent "workbench" for someone interested in getting into SDR/DSP
technology.
Alex Schwartz, VE7DSW, described his LiF/BiLiF adapter boards that use a
conventional transceiver's IF to create a fully functional spectrum scope.
"It's a particularly sweet combination with the FT-817 and can perform just
about any type of modulation and demodulation you can think of," Silver
commented.
Two fully digital radios in late prototype stages also were shown. The
HamShield by Morgan Redfield, KG7OGM, and Casey Halverson, KC7IBT, is a
144/222/432 MHz handheld based on the Arduino. The project was funded through
Kickstarter, and the presentation was as much about the trials and triumphs of
funding development as it was technical. Local company Northwest Digital
Radio's Universal Digital Radio UDRX is in pilot production after a long
development and will have product available at Dayton Hamvention(R). The 440
MHz transceiver is built to handle a wide variety of digital protocols and
modulation types.
Following the ham radio presentations, Phil Horkin, AF7GY, gave a fascinating
explanation of how MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) technology works.
MIMO is commonly applied in the wireless data industry, in such devices as WiFi
routers. MIMO depends on the presence of multipath propagation to work.
Implementing it over line-of-sight links is the challenge, and Horkin is at the
forefront of figuring out how to do just that, increasing a channel's
throughput considerably without consuming more bandwidth.
Silver said his own presentation discussed the changes ahead for ham radio, as
new technology and new hams come aboard, taking Ham Radio 1.0 to Ham Radio 2.0.
"It will be different, but not unrecognizable, as hams carry the fundamentals
forward into the second century of Amateur Radio," he predicted.
"For radio amateurs, digital conferences such as this one offer opportunities
to discover technology that is opening up little-used bands and achieving
communication capabilities that were science fiction not long ago," Silver
observed. "The pace and breadth of development remind me of how packet radio
and commercial wireless data developed with considerable overlap in the 1980s,
a partnership that continues to pay dividends today."
Presentations are available on the MHDC website. -- Thanks to Ward Silver, N0AX
"Cows Over the World DXpedition" Set to Get Under Way
Tom Callas, KC0W, has all of his bovines in a row to begin his "Cows Over the
World DXpedition" to several DXCC entities in the Pacific and Asia this month,
several months earlier than initially announced. All call signs will include a
"COW" suffix. American Samoa will be the starting [COW%20logo.png] point for
his all-CW adventure. The Minnesota DXer will operate as KH8/KC0W beginning on
or about April 12. At the outset of his stay on Tutuila Island (OC-045), Callas
will be on a beach near Pago Pago on the east side of the island.
"Running down the center of American Samoa is an 800 meter (approximately 2600
feet) tall mountain, which should greatly attenuate my CW signal to Europe and
Asia," he told The Daily DX. This location should favor North and South
America, however.
After completing operations on the east side of the island, KC0W will move to
the west side to accommodate European and Asian DXers. He has estimated that he
will operate "for a month or two" from the east side of the island. "Europe and
Asia, don't get frustrated if you can't hear me when I'm operating from the
east side of the island. Your time will come," he said on his QRZ.com profile.
Callas has no set time frame to operate from each entity. "The determining
factor will be: When the pileups die down, it's time to pack everything up and
move along," he said. Although his emphasis will be on 160, 80, and 40 meters,
KC0W plans to be active on 160 through 6 meters, running 500 W to vertical
antennas over salt water. He expects to participate in "all major CW contests."
His DX travels to the other venues are still on track. These include Samoa,
Tokelau, Solomon Islands, Temotu Province, and Bangladesh. He said he's spent
months researching the absolute best DXing sites at each location.
Callas stressed that he will only be operating CW. "No microphones have been
brought along," he pointed out. He's financing the round-robin DXpedition out
of his own pocket. -- Thanks to The Daily DX for some information
Hurricane Watch Net Seeks Net Control Operators
The Hurricane Watch Net (HWN) is looking for additional net control operators.
Hurricane Season in the Atlantic begins on June 1 and ends on November 30; in
the Eastern Pacific, it begins on May 15 and ends on November 30. Hurricanes
can form at any time of the year, however, as witnessed by Hurricane Alex in
January.
"With the 2016 hurricane season rapidly approaching, the Hurricane Watch Net is
preparing for what looks to be an active season," HWN Manager Bobby Graves,
KB5HAV, said. "It has been a long time since the US has seen a major hurricane
make landfall." He believes the US may be overdue for one.
Graves said the HWN is always on the lookout for well-qualified, experienced
net control operators who can effectively communicate with hurricane-prone
areas from eastern Canada, the US East Coast, the Gulf of Mexico, Central
America, and the Caribbean. He said bilingual (English and Spanish) operators
are a valuable asset.
Visit the HWN Membership Information Page, if you're interested in becoming a
member of the Hurricane Watch Net.
Ohio SEC Expanding "NVIS Antenna Day" Activity this Year
ARRL Ohio Section Emergency Coordinator Stan Broadway, N8BHL, says he has
expanded participation in his section's "NVIS Antenna Day" on Saturday, April
23, by inviting stations in neighboring states to participate. This year's
activity also will introduce the "anchor stations" concept, to provide more
consistent signal reports. The Near-Vertical Incidence Skywave or NVIS antenna
has gained traction among emergency communication groups and others desiring a
close-in radiation pattern for regional work on HF.
"Working with antennas has been an integral part of Amateur Radio since the
first hams took to the airwaves," Broadway said. "Having the 'right' antenna
becomes even more important when we're acting in the interest of public
safety." Sponsored by Ohio ARES, NVIS Antenna Day will get under way at 1500
UTC on April 23, when teams will start making contacts to compare antennas.
"We don't have an ending time, because some stations had so much fun -- and so
many pileups -- last year that that they went on for quite a while past dark,"
Broadway recounted.
Broadways said several stations in surrounding states plan to be active in this
year's NVIS Day. "We've also received word a group in Texas will be doing their
own NVIS exercise along with ours," he added. "So, it looks like 40 meters will
be busy with test signals!"
Broadway said NVIS Antenna Day is not a contest but an activity focused on
having teams or individuals research and determine the NVIS antenna designs
they believe will work the best -- then build and test them on the air.
"The differences [among competing NVIS antennas] last year weren't as dramatic
as one might expect. Those fashioned after the military AS-2259 cross-dipole
configuration appeared to be the best, but other designs worked nearly as
well," Broadway pointed out. "We do understand that 'regular' antennas work
well also -- a lot has to do with band conditions."
In Brief...
ARRL Establishes "Youth Nets" Web Page: The new "Youth Nets" page on the ARRL
website is designed to serve as a clearing house for information about Amateur
Radio nets aimed at youth participation. During those dry spells between bigger
operating events such as School Club Roundup, Kids Day, and Field Day, regular
participation in a net helps to develop operating skills and confidence, and it
builds connections within the community of young hams. A few nets are already
listed, but ARRL invites any nets aimed at young radio amateurs to post and
share their information
on the ARRL "Youth Nets" web page.
Rose A. "Uti" Gandy, KS6FO, SK: Rose "Uti" Gandy, of Pago Pago, American Samoa,
died on March 25. She was 69 and had been an ARRL member. Uti Gandy was the
widow of the prominent contester and DXer Larry Gandy, AH8LG (SK). Uti Gandy
helped with the Swains Island DXpeditions and hosted the W1AW/KH8 operations
during the ARRL Centennial. A service was set for April 7.
Voice of America Antenna Farm in North Carolina Leveled: A field of 48 antenna
towers that the Voice of America (VOA) once used to broadcast around the world,
was dropped by explosives on April 4. The VOA had not used the towers, located
in Beaufort County, North Carolina, for 10 years, although it still broadcasts
news and information to Latin America, Cuba, the Caribbean, and Africa from
antennas in a nearby county. According to news reports, it took less than 1
minute to fell the towers, which were hauled away as scrap. Television station
WITN said the VOA site has been sold to the North Carolina Wildlife Resources
Commission for conservation. See the towers go down in this WITN TV news
report.
Steve Thomas, M1ACB, is New Radio Society of Great Britain General Manager:
Steve Thomas, M1ACB, has been appointed as the new general manager of the Radio
Society of Great Britain (RSGB). He will succeed Graham Coomber, G0NBI, who is
retiring. An RSGB volunteer since 2008, Thomas has a background in the IT and
telecoms industries. He has also served as a director of an international
standards organization and brings experience in contract, project, and
financial management. "He will be working with the Board to review the
Society's strategy, to ensure that the RSGB works effectively to increase
awareness and understanding of Amateur Radio, wireless science, and its
technologies, and also to make the hobby accessible to everyone," an RSGB
announcement said. Read more.
UK to Sell Off 750 MHz of Radio Spectrum: UK Chancellor of the Exchequer George
Osborne announced in the 2016 budget that 750 MHz of public sector radio
spectrum would be "released" (auctioned). The Amateur Service in the UK
currently shares significant spectrum with the public sector. "Budget 2016
announces a new government commitment that 750 MHz of valuable public sector
spectrum in bands below 10 GHz will be made available by 2022, of which 500 MHz
will be made available by 2020," the document states. Previous spectrum
sell-offs have adversely impacted the Amateur and Amateur Satellite Services.
In 2014 Ofcom announced that it would end Amateur Radio access to significant
portions of the 2.3 and 3.4 GHz bands. Read more.
Waynesboro, Georgia, SwapFest is April 23: The date of the Waynesboro, Georgia,
SwapFest was incorrect in the May edition of QST. The correct date is Saturday,
April 23, 9 AM-4 PM at American Legion Post 120. The Waynesboro SwapFest is
sponsored by the Burke Amateur Radio Club.
____________________________________________________________________________
The K7RA Solar Update
Tad Cook, K7RA, Seattle, reports: All solar and geomagnetic indicators declined
again last week. Compared to the previous 7 days, from March 31 through April 6
the average daily sunspot number slipped from 28.1 to 19.4. Average daily solar
flux sank from 88.8 to 83.1, while average daily planetary A index declined
from 11.9 to 9.4. The average daily mid-latitude A index went to 7.6 from 8.6.
The April 6 prediction had solar flux at 90 and 92 on April 7-8; 95 on April
9-10; 93 and 91 on April 11-12; 90 on April 13-14; 80 on April 15; 78 on April
16-17; 80 on April 18-22; 78 on April 23; 80 on April 24-28; 82 on April 29-May
1; 78 on May 2-5; 82 on May 6-7, and 80 on May 8-12. Solar flux then continues
to dither between 78 and 80 over the remainder of the 45-day forecast.
Predicted planetary A index is 14, 12, and 8 on April 7-9; 5 on April 10-11;
12, 20, 15, and 8 on April 12-15; 5 on April 16-20; 8 on April 21-22; 5 and 12
on April 23-24; 10 on April 25-26; 8 on April 27; 5 on April 28-29; 22, 8, 15,
and 12 on April 30-May 3, and 8 on May 4-5.
The big factor in bringing the week's average sunspot number down by nearly 9
points was the fact that the daily sunspot number was 11 on March 31 through
April 2. A sunspot number of 11 is the lowest we can possibly observe, outside
of no sunspots (then the sunspot number is zero). Each sunspot group counts as
10 points, and these are added to the total number of sunspots, so a sunspot
number of 11 means that just one sunspot is visible.
Spaceweather.com reported that on April 7, Earth is expected to cross a fold in
the Heliospheric Current Sheet, which could trigger unsettled geomagnetic
conditions. The Heliospheric Current Sheet separates regions of solar wind
where the magnetic field points toward or away from the sun. See an animation
of this effect from 2001 until 2009.
Sunspot numbers for March 31 through April 6 were 11, 11, 11, 38, 23, 27, and
13, with a mean of 19.1. The 10.7 centimeter flux was 81.7, 82.1, 81.5, 82.3,
83.4, 83.4, and 87.1, with a mean of 83.1. Estimated planetary A indices were
7, 3, 22, 15, 7, 5, and 7, with a mean of 9.4. Estimated mid-latitude A indices
were 5, 2, 15, 13, 6, 5, and 7, with a mean of 7.6.
Send me your reports and observations!
____________________________________________________________________________
This Week in Radiosport
* April 9-10 -- JIDX CW Contest
* April 9-10 -- PODXS 070 Club PSK 31 Flavors
* April 9-10 -- OK/OM DX Contest (SSB)
* April 9-10 -- SKCC Weekend Sprintathon (CW)
* April 9-10 -- New Mexico QSO Party (CW, phone, digital)
* April 9-10 -- Georgia QSO Party (CW, phone, digital)
* April 9-10 -- Yuri Gagarin International DX Contest (CW)
* April 10 -- International Vintage Contest HF (CW, phone)
* April 10 -- Hungarian Straight Key Contest (CW)
* April 11 -- 144 MHz Spring Sprint (CW, phone, digital)
* April 13 -- NAQCC CW Sprint
* April 13 -- RSGB 80 Meter SSB Club Championship
See the ARRL Contest Calendar for more information. For in-depth reporting on
Amateur Radio contesting, subscribe to The ARRL Contest Update via your ARRL
member profile e-mail preferences.
____________________________________________________________________________
Upcoming ARRL Section, State, and Division Conventions and Events
* April 8-9 -- Oklahoma State Convention, Claremore, Oklahoma
* April 9-10 -- Communications Academy, Seattle, Washington
* April 15-17 -- International DX Convention, Visalia, California
* April 15-17 -- VHF Super Conference, Sterling, Virginia
* April 16 -- Delaware State Convention, Georgetown, Delaware
* April 22-24 -- Idaho State Convention, Boise, Idaho
* April 23 -- Aurora '16 Conference, White Bear Lake, Minnesota
* April 23 -- Nebraska State Convention, Lincoln, Nebraska
* April 29-May 1 -- Nevada State Convention, Las Vegas, Nevada
* May 7 -- South Carolina Section Convention, Spartanburg, South Carolina
* May 13-15 -- Rocky Mountain Division Convention, Keystone, Colorado
* May 14 -- Iowa State Convention, Boone, Iowa
* May 20-22 -- Dayton Hamvention, Dayton, Ohio
* June 3-5 -- Northwestern Division Convention, Seaside, Oregon
* June 4 -- Georgia Section Convention, Marietta, Georgia
* June 5 -- Western Pennsylvania Section Convention, Prospect,
Pennsylvania
* June 10-11 -- West Gulf Division Convention, Irving, Texas
* June 18 -- Tennessee State Convention, Knoxville, Tennessee
Find conventions and hamfests in your area.
____________________________________________________________________________
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)\/(ark
Always Mount a Scratch Monkey
... Waiter! Another round for my friends here!
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* Origin: (1:3634/12.73)
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